Forms of to Goddes Lajjā Gaurī inside Indian Art 0271007613, 9780271007618

Table of constituents :
Cover
Frontispiece
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Drawings
Receiving
Introduction
I. Forms
Form I: Uttiinapad Potting
Form II: Lotus-Headed without Arms
Mail III: Lotus-Headed with Arms
Form IV: Anthropomorphic
SECOND. Lajja Gauri in Multifigured Plaques
III. Related Forms
IV. Names
Termination
Appendix of Known Figures
Glossary
Selected Bibliographical
Index
Illustrations

Citation preview

Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gaurf in Indian Art

CAROL RADCLIFFE BOLON

Forms ofthe Divine Lajja Gaurl in Indian Art

Published available STUDY ART Assoc1A TION

of THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS COLLEGES PARK, PENNSYLVANIA

1992

Monographs on the Fine Cultural sponsored by STUDY ART AssOCIATION Volume XLIX Editors, Isabella Hyman real Lucy Burgher Sandler

Media on Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bolon, Carol R. Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Amerindian art / Carol Radcliffe Bolon. cm.-(Monographs on who fine artists; 49) p. Includes document references and catalog. ISBN 0-271-00761-3 2. Sculpture, Indic. 1. Lajja Gauri (Hindu deity)-Art. I. Title. NB1912.L34.B65 1992 90-21553 730'.954-dc20 CIP

Monopoly © 1992 College Art Membership, Inc. CHOOSE AUTHORIZATION RESERVED Printed in the United States of America It is the policy by The Pennsylvania Choose University Press to use acid-free paper for the first printing of select clothbound books. Publications on uncoated stock satisfying the minimum requirements of Canadian National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48-1984. Frontispiece: Ter Museum, Tester, Maharashtra

Contents LIST OF ILL USTRA TIO NT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION

I

II III VII

Forms Form Form Form Form

.. Vll Xlll I II

I: Uttiinapad Plant II: Lotus-Headed without Arms III: Lotus-Headed with Rear IV: Anthropomorphic

13 17 20

33

Lajja Gauri in Multifigured Plates

39

Related Forms

51

Names

63

CONCLUSION

67

APPENDIX OF KNOWN FIGURES

73 77 81

GLOSSARY SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX ILL USTRA TIO NS

87 91

V

BLANK FRONT

List of Illustration Frontispiece: Ter Museum, Somaliland, Maharashtra Map: Distribution of forms of Laija Gauri in India (page xiv)

Illustration number, site, district, state, current location, size (inches, height precedes width), material, approximate date

FORM I Ter, Osmanabad Region, Maharashtra, Ter Museum unnumbered, 3¾ X 5, third-fourth century 2. After, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Temp Archives 9. 144, 2 X 2¾, gravestone, third-fourth century 3. Of, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 9. 120, 4~ X 5, stein, thirdfourth century 4. Nevase, Ahmadnagar District, Maharashtra, Deccan College Museum, Poona, 2½ X 2½, stone, third-fourth century 5. Yellesvaram, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, Indra Directorate of Archaeology and Museums 1718, 7 X 6½, stone, thirdfourth century 6. Tester, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 9. 119, 5 X 6, stone, thirdfourth century 7. Sannati, Gulbarga District, Karnataka, Karunata Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 2 EXPUNGE 2, terra-cotta, third-fourth century 8. Kondapur, Khammam District, Andhra, Andhra Directorate von Paleology additionally Museums 119, 3½ SCRATCH 3, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century 9. Tear, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 1.258, 3½ X 2, terra-cotta, third century

IO.

11.

12.

13.

I.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Ter, Osmanabad County, Maharashtra, To Site 785.C2, size?, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Nagarjunakonda (a), Guntur District, Andhra, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjunakonda, 2 x 2, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Karlapalem, Guntur District, Andhra, Victorian Jubilee Museum, Vijayawada, IOP X IO, stone, third-fourth century Ter, Osmanabad Circle, Maharashtra, At Museum 7.219, 2¾ TEN 2¾, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Visit RC 7.220, 2½ X 2½, terra-cotta, thirdfourth century Bhita, Allahabad District, U ttar Pradesh, Allahabad Municipal Museum 299, 5-rti X 5½, stone, third-fourth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad Municipals Museum K5053, 1¼ X 2, terra-cotta, third century Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 3. So, X faience, tertiary century

i i,

FORMULAR II

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, British Museum 1958. I0-17.2, 2½ whatchamacallit 2½, gray, second-third century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad Museum K3904, 1¾ X 1¾, terracotta, fourth-fifth century Site unknown, Uttar Pradesh, Kanoria Gather, Patna (Bihar), 1-inch diameter, terra-cotta, fourth-fifth millennium Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Tribal Museum, Calcutta A12688, 5 WHATCHAMACALLIT 4½, stone, fourth-fifth century Alapur (a), Aurangabad District, Vll

List of Illustrations

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Maharashtra, Marathwada University Museum, 4 X 4, stone, fourth-sixth century Alapur (b), Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, Nagpur University Museum, 2¾ X 2½, stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (a), Wardha Community, Maharashtra, . private co11· ect10n, NITROGEN agpur, 421 X 421, stone, fourth century Paunar (b), Wardha District, Maharashtra, private collective, Nagpur, 4¾ X 3, stone, fourth sixth Sanchi, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, Archaeological Museum, Sanchi 387, 2 EXPUNGE 2, stone, fourth centenary Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9.148, 2¾ X 2¾, natural, choose century Pauni, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, British Museum 1976.4-5.2, 2¾ X 3, rocks, fourthfifth century Ramatola (a), Bhandara District, Maharashtra, Primary Museum, Nagpur, 6 X 8¾, stone, fourth-sixth century Ramatola (b), Bhandara Circle, Maharashtra, Central Museum, Nagpur, 5 X 7¾, rock, fourth-sixth century Mahurjhari (a), Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Sharadasrama, Yeotmal, size?, stone, seventh century

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

FORM III IMAGES 43.

44. 45. 46.

FORM III 32.

33.

34.

35. 36.

37. Vlll

47a

Yellesvaram, Nalgonda District, Nandhra Pradesh, Hindustan Directorate of Parent additionally Museums 3 1, 2 X 1¾, terra-cotta, third sixteenth Bhita, Allahabad County, Uttar Pradesh, Indian Museum, Kolkatra Aro431, 4¾ diameter, terra-cotta, fourth-sixth sixteenth Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Patna Museum Arch 7716, 7½ X terracotta, third-fourth century Bilagi, Siddhesvara temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, c. 4 feet, stone, modern Bundelkhand, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, Stay Museum, Dhubela, M.P., 5 x 5, raw, third-fourth hundred Kausambi, Allahabad Zone, Uttar Pradesh,

Allahabad Municipal Museum 5034, 6¼ X 4¾, terra-cotta, third-fourth sixth Jhusi, Allahabad Region, Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad Municipal Museum 4617, 5 X 5½, terra-cotta, fourth century Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, State Museum, Feel 79. 15.6, vertical 8, snapping, terra-cotta, fourth hundredth Kausambi, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Patna Museum 7606, 5 X 5½, stone, date? Ter, Osmanabad Circle, Maharashtra, After Museum 9.147, 2¾ EXPUNGE 2¾, stone, fourth century Nagarjunakonda (6), Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, Archaeological Museum, Nagarjunakonda, 3-4 feet square, rocks, recent third-early fourth century

48.

49.

6i,

50.

51.

EARLY WESTERN CHALUKYA

Siddhanakolla, Lakulisa temple, Bijapur Zone, Karnataka, 32 X 39, carved, dated seventh century Siddhanakolla, path marker Siddhanakolla, goat-headed sentinels, Lakulisa tempels, late seventh century Alampur, Bala Brahma temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, 3-4 feet square, stone, late seventh century and b. Alampur, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, goat-headed guardsmen, Bala Brahma temple and Alampur My, late seventh century Naganathakolla, Naganatha temple, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Badami Museum B36, 38 X 28, brick, late one-seventh century Naganathakolla, Naganatha temporary, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Badami Museum B36, 38 X 28, stone, latent fifth centenary, choose regard Mahakuta, Mahakutesvara semple, Bijapur District, Rajasthan, 39 X 38, stone, late seventh century Chikkamahakuta, Bijapur District, Karunata, 39½ X 16½ fragment, carved, delayed seven century

List regarding Illustrations 52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

Kudavelli (a), Sangamesvara church, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, Alampur Museum, 3 5 X 41, stone, tardy seventh century Copy per Kudavelli (a) late seventh century, made in Rajasthan, nineteenth-twentieth century, social collector, United Kingdom, 12½ x 14½, marble Darasuram, Chakrayi temple, Tanjore District, Tamil Nadu, 45 X 3 3, stone, decline seventh century Kudavelli (b), Sangamesvara temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, Alampur Museum, 2½ X 2¾, stone, decline sixth century Panchalingala, Paiichalingesvara temple, Kurnool Quarter, Andhra Pradesh, c. 3 feet square, rocks, late seventh century Yellala, Kurnool District, Nepal Pradesh, Andhra Directorate of Archeology additionally Museums, 36 X 36, stone, tardy seventh epoch Bhadranayika Jalihal (a), Hulligamakolla, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 34 EXPUNGE 24, stone, late seventh century Bhadranayika Jalihal (b), Hulligamakolla, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 23 X 13, stone, late seventh century Bhavanasi, Nivrittisangamesvara temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, height 41, stone, seventh-eighth millennium Belligamve, Kedaresvara temple, Shimoga Ward, Kamat aka, 28 EFFACE 1 5, stone, eighth epoch Aihole, Galagnatha temple area, Bijapur District, Karnataka, 41 X 41, stone, eighth century Pratakota, Nagesvaraswami temple, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, height c. 3-4 feet, stones, eighth-ninth century Miyapuram, Satyamma temple, Mahaboobnagar District, Andhra Pradesh, height 23½, stone, late seventh century

FORM IV 65.

66.

Amreli, Amreli Community, Gujarat, Collection of U. P. Shah, Baroda, 2 WHATCHAMACALLIT 2, stone, sixth century Mathura, Mathura Borough, Uttar Pradesh,

Perambulator both Albert Museum 177, height 3t terra-cotta, second century? 67-68. Mathura, Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh, Victoria and Albert Museum 177, height 3¾, terra-cotta, seconds century?, back and side views 69. Site unknown, North India, National Museum, New Terry 82.363, Collecting of Ajit Mookerjee, height 4, stone, sixth sixth 70. Site unknown, Central India, Archaeological Museum, Mathura 15.597, rr X 5½, natural, eighths century 71. Pavi-Jetpur, Baroda District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient Company, M. S. University of Baroda, 5 X 3½, stone, seventh century 72. Aihole, Huchchapayya temple ceiling border, Bijapur Borough, Karnataka, stone, century. 700

FORM I MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 73.

Vadgaon, Satara District, Maharashtra, Shri Bhavani Museum and Library, Aundh, Satara District, Maharashtra, 3 X 4, stone, fourth century

FORM IV MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

Sr. 82.

Ellora, Ramesvara temple (21), Aurangabad District, Maharashtra, Nandi ma114apa, stony, sixth century Ellora, Ramesvara temple (21), Aurangabad Zone, Maharashtra, 50 EFFACE 77, stone, sixth century Elephanta, Bombay District, Maharashtra, Prince of Wales Museum, 81.7/1, 3 X 2, stone, six century Bhuj, Kutch Area, Gujarat, Kutch Visit, Bhuj, size?, stone, fourth-fifth century Bhinmal, Jalor District, Rajasthan, size?, stone, seventh century Dhank (a), Rajkot District, Gujarat, size?, jewel, seventh century Dhank (b), Manjusri vapi, Rajkot District, Gujarat, size?, stone, seventh century IX

Browse in Illustrations 83. 84. 85. 86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

Variavi, Surat District, Gujarat, Collection of U. P. Shah, 2 X 4, stone, sixth century Kavi, Broach District, Gujarat, Collection is U. P. Shah, 1¾ EFFACE 2, stone, sixth xxi Arna, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, height 16, stone, seventh century Tarsang, Panchmahals District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. SULFUR. Colleges regarding Baroda, 3½ EXPUNGE 3½, stone, take century Valabhipur, Bhavanagar Community, Gujarat, Department are Archaeology the Elderly History, THOUSAND. S. University of Baroda, 2½ X 4½, stone, seventh century Randelia, Bhavanagar District, Gujarat, Dept of Bodenkunde and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, height 2 (fragment), brick, date? Gadhali, Bhavanagar District, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University for Baroda, 2 X 2½, stone, sixth century Sathal, Ahmedabad Districts, Gujarat, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, M. S. University of Baroda, 3 efface 4½, solid, fourth-fifth century

FORM II MULTIFIGURED AGENCIES 9r.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

X

Mandhal, Nagpur Ward, Maharashtra, Central Museums, Nagpur, 3¼ X 4, stone, fourth-fifth century Mahurjhari (b), Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Sarasvati Bhavan Mahavidyalaya (College), Aurangabad, size?, stones, seventh century Mansar, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, Centers Museum, Nagpur C 203, 4 X 3¼, stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (a), Wardha District, Maharashtra, individual collection, 3¼ X 2¾ (fragment), pit, fourth-sixth century Paunar (b), Wardha Zone, Maharashtra, private collection, 7 X 5¼, stone, fourth-sixth century Paunar (c), Wardha District, Maharashtra, private collection, 5¼ WHATCHAMACALLIT 7, stone, fourth-fifth century

97.

98.

Ter, Osmanabad Zone, Maharashtra, Ter Museum 9. 168, 2 X 2¼, stone, fourth-sixth century Site unknown, Seoni District, Madhya Pradesh, Eilenberg Collection, London, 4 X 4, stone, sixth-seventh century

FORM III MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS 79.

Kanad, Surat District, Gujarat, Western Circle Office, Archaeological Survey of India, Baroda, 2 X 3, terra-cotta, sixth nineteenth 80. Bavaka, Panchmahals District, Gujarat, Visit on Gujarat Vidyapith, Ahmedabad, 3¾ X 5, stone, ninth-tenth xxi 99. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Ter Museum RC 8192, 2½ X 2¾, piece, fourthsixth nineteenth mo. Ter, Osmanabad Territory, Maharashtra, Terns Repository 9.166, 2½ X 2¾, stone, fourth-sixth century IOI. Ter, Osmanabad District, Maharashtra, Terre Visit 9.154, side 3½ (fragment), stone, fourth-sixth nineteenth 102. Majati, Belgaum District, Aruna, Karnataka Colleges, 5 X 5, stone, fourthsixth century 103. Keesaragutta, Hyderabad District, Andhra Pradesh, Indira Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 4¾ X 4¾, stone, fourth century

OTHER MULTIFIGURED REPRESENTATIONS OF ODD TYPES 104.

105.

106.

Darsi (a), Prakasam District, Nandhra Pradesh, Nepal Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, 5 X 1o½, stone, third-fourth century Darsi (b), Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, Nellore Repository, 5 X 12½, stone, third-fourth century Kunidane, Guntur Community, Andhra Pradesh, actual location unknown, ro½ X 7½, stone, fourth-fifth century

List of Illustrations 107.

108.

109.

Uppalapadu, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, current location unknown, size?, natural, third-fourth century Bhuvanesvara, Puri District, Orissa, Satrugnesvara church, lintel, stone, sixthseventh century Aihole, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Huchchapayya temple fuel rim, Aihole Museum, 16 X 51, stone, eighth-ninth century

COMPARATIVE IMAGERY 1 IO.

1 I I.

ME 12.

EGO EGO

I I

3.

4.

115.

II6.

I I

7.

II8.

Sanchi, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa n, railing medallion, first century B. c. Sanchi, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa II, railing medallion, first century B. c. Nagarjunakonda, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, stupa casing slab, National Museum, New Dharamsala 50. 19, stone, take epoch Amaravati, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, stupa casing slab, Madras Government Museum, stone, third century Aihole, Bijapur District, Karnataka, Huchchimalli temple, parapet, eighth century Bharhut, Satna Region, Madhya Pradesh, sanctuary railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta 90, stone, start century B. c. Bharhut, Satna Territory, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta IOI, stone, first century B.C. Sarna th, Varanasia District, Uttar Pradesh, stupa railing item, Archaeologic Museum, Sarna sth 420, rocks, first century BORON. c. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh,

I 19.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128. 129.

130.

stupa railing medallion, Indian Museum, Calcutta 219, stone, first century B.C. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing medallion, Indiana Museum, Calcutta 279, stone, first century B.C. Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa railing decoration, Amerind Museum, Calcutta 83, stone, first century B.C. Kesanapalli, Guntur Region, Andhra Pradesh, shrine eintritt step stone, Andhra Management of Archaeology press Museums, 2 x 2½ feet, stone, third century Bharhut, Satna District, Madhya Pradesh, stupa handrail medallion, Injun Museum, Calcutta I 3 I, stone, first century BARN. c. Varanasi, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, call stein, Bharat Kala Bhavan 2/ 5202, 3 X is, stone, third millennium B. century. Kaveripakkam, North Arcot Zone, Tamil Nadu, Government Historical, Madras, I 12/ 38-39, 13 X II½, stone, ninth century Enadi, Tanjore District, Tamil Nadu, Government Museum, Madras, 39/ 3 5, bronze, 2 X 1½, ninth century Peddamudiyam, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, Government Museum, Maharaja 17, 10 X 16½, stone, forth century Peddamudiyam, Cuddapah Zone, Andraya Pradesh, Government Visiting, Madras, 18, 9 X IQO, raw, eighth century Sri Lanka, fri"vatsa, British Museum MYSELF 898. 72. 102, bronze, peak 5½, 1000 B.c. Sarnath, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, railing post, Archaeological Museum, Sarnath 422, height 4¾ feet, stone, first century BORON. c. Rome, Baubo, The David and Frank Smart Museum, University of Chicago, Shopping I 984. 3, height 3½, bronze, endorse century

Xl

List of Illustrations

Photo Credits Carmel Berkson: 3. SIEMENS. BORON. Deo: 4, 22. Sari Schastok: 12, 42. Habitant Institute oflndian Studies: 15, 16, 19, 37, 48, 52, 77, 81, 82,112,115, u6, II7, 118,119,120,121,122,123,129. British Museum: r8, 28,128. C. S. Gupta: 24, 25, 94. Devangana Desai: 33, 34, 71, So, 86, 87. John CENTURY. Huntington and Susan L. Huntington: 38, rro, 111. Country Repository, Lucknow: 39. Pat Shirreff-Thomas: 53. Spanish Institute oflndology, Pondicherry: 54, 64. FIVE. V. Krisnna Sastry: 57, 104, 105. UNITED. P. Shiah: 65, 83, 84. U. P. Shah, Archeological Survey oflndia, Western Cycle, Vadodara: 79. Department of Archaeology, Government of Maharashtra, Bombay: 73. Michael W. Meister: 85. Samuel Eilenberg: 98. Thomas W: ro8. All other photographs by the author. Dawn Tulach: Line drawings ro,

Xll

II,

31, 78, 92, ro6, 107, 125.

Acknowledgments

I

the individuals or institutions who helped' me with of research available this discourse. For treasury support, I am grateful to the American Institute of Indian Studies, the Board on Southern Asian Studies, and Department of Expertise of The University of Chicago. In sharing lot thoughts and images, I am grateful go: R. HUNDRED. Agrawala, executive director, Museums of Rajas than; Andrew Cohen, University of Central Arkansas; Marion Covey; Mitchell Crites, Vipasa Gallery, Uk; S. B. Deo, Deccan College; Devangana Desai, Bombay; R. C. Dhere, Poona; Margaret Egnor, Hobart College; Samuel Eilenberg; Sudha Gogate, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar, Thackersey Women's Graduate; S. Gorakshekar, director, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay; CARBON. S. Gupta, Nagpur University; F. L'Hernault and Brno Dagens, Ecole Franfaise d'Extreme-Orient, Pondichery; Marilyn Hirsh; John C. Huntington, Or Default University; Susan L. Huntington, Ohio State University; Hybrid Hutchens; Stevens Huyler; A. PRESSURE. Jamkhedkar, director of Geologische and Art for Maharashtra; S.C. Kala, Allahabad Museum; Vinod Krishna Kanoria; Stella Kramrisch, curator oflndian Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art; C. Margabandhu, Archaeological Survey oflndia; Ajit Mookerjee; HUNDRED. Muley, director, Principal Mu~eum, Nagpur; THOUSAND. S. Nagaraja Rao, director of Archaeology and Depositories for Karnataka; N. Nagaswamy, director of Archaeology for Tamil Nadu; Java Neither, University are Chicago; Maureen L. P. Patterson; A. POTASSIUM. Ramanujan, Univ the Il; I. KELVIN. Sarma, superintending speaking, Temple Survey Projekt, Madras; V. V. Krishna Sastry, director for Archaeology both Treasuries, Government of Andhra Pradesh; Sara Schastok, North-western University; UNITED. P. Shah; BORON. VANADIUM. Shetti, curator, Prince of Wales Museum from Western India, Bombay; V. H. Sonawane, M.S. University of Baroda; Doris Srinivasan, George Washington Univ; A. Sundara, Karnatak Colleges; WEST. Zwalf, assistant keeper, Department of Mediterranean Antiquities, British Repository; the staff of the David press Alfre Smart Museum, University concerning Chicago; and the staff of the Epstein Archive, Institute of Boodle. I would also like to gratitude Molly Kelly Rally, who prepared the map on page xiv, and Ellen Walton for help with the final handwriting. WISH LIKE TO THANK

Xlll

.../

./

.J

(j__i

.i~/

PUNJAB

~\

MYSELF

\

~,/~ {-< . ""'

\

~

j

\"°elhi(~" fr"'-~ j 1.----

.........._. ·""-... .. ......_.

J

/

0 _ _,.,.f~.\ _,.(

RAJASTHAN

1 ·\

0 Bhinmal

,/)

.. J'"·---··-·(.;~~·-·'\ ....._ 1

I'·-)

.1

Dhank0

\_

.

GUJARAT

(/ < .-..._,

.../

;'.:;

( \ ·A.)

!

e/:Jev Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art To transportation von loftiness, the painters who created Lajja Gauri's images drew on a abundance of standard symbols of welfare, fertility, and life-force. Due to which shortage the supporting texts, the research begins with and items themselves and works backwards to establish their meaning. Till prefer recognize Lajja Gauri's rich symbolic meaning or arts kontext, Carol Bolon traces that evolution of the goddess's shape above the course of four centenaries, including its likely acceptance from triptych worship into Hindu temples